Cannabis is one of the most widely used psychoactive substances. Derived from the Cannabis sativa plant, it contains over 100 cannabinoids mainly THC and CBD. THC causes the “high,” while CBD is often linked to therapeutic benefits.

As legalization grows, so does interest in its health impact. Cannabis can offer potential relief but may also cause side effects that vary by dose, frequency and individual tolerance.

This article outlines the benefits and risks of cannabis use for both recreational and medical purposes.

 

What Is Cannabis?

Cannabis, often called marijuana, refers to the dried leaves, flowers, stems and seeds of the Cannabis sativa L. plant. It contains more than 125 cannabinoids which includes delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) which is the primary compound responsible for its intoxicating effects and can temporarily alter mood, perception and cognition.

The plant also produces non-intoxicating cannabinoids such as cannabidiol (CBD), commonly used in wellness products. Varieties of Cannabis sativa L. with minimal THC content are classified as hemp and are typically cultivated for industrial fiber or edible seed oils.

 

How People Use Cannabis?

Cannabis is most commonly used by smoking dried plant material often called “buds” or “herb” in joints, blunts, pipes or bongs. It can also be vaped using electronic devices such as dry herb vaporizers and vape pens.

Beyond the traditional flower, a wide range of cannabis-derived products are now available, each offering different methods of consumption and potency levels: 

• Oils and Concentrates: Extracted compounds that can be vaped or inhaled using e-cigarette-style devices. Highly concentrated forms known as wax or shatter are used for “dabbing,” which delivers strong doses of THC and increases the risk of adverse effects.
• Edibles: Foods and drinks infused with cannabis such as baked goods, candies and gummies. Edibles take longer to take effect, which leads some users to overconsume, potentially causing stronger and longer-lasting side effects.
• Tinctures: Cannabis-infused alcohol or oils taken sublingually or mixed into food and beverages. Tinctures deliver THC efficiently and allow for precise dosing.
• Lotions and Balms: Topical products applied directly to the skin which are commonly used for localized relief without producing intoxicating effects.

 

Short-Term Side Effects of Cannabis

 

Euphoric and Cognitive Effects

Many individuals use cannabis for its intoxicating effects, often described as feeling “high.” This state can bring about relaxation, euphoria or heightened sensory perception. However, it may also lead to impaired coordination, slower reaction times and reduced concentration or memory. In some users, cannabis can trigger restlessness or irritability, depending on dosage and individual tolerance.

Psychological Reactions

High doses or products with elevated THC levels can intensify psychological effects such as anxiety, panic, paranoia or even mild hallucinations. These reactions are more likely to occur in inexperienced users or when consuming potent cannabis strains.

Physical Side Effects

Physically, cannabis use is often associated with increased appetite and in some cases, relief from nausea and vomiting which is common in patients undergoing chemotherapy. Despite these therapeutic benefits, cannabis can also elevate heart rate, affect respiratory health and cause discomfort in sensitive users.

Health Risks for Children

Accidental ingestion of cannabis edibles especially gummies or baked goods has become a serious public health concern. Such incidents can lead to severe illness and hospitalization in children. Products containing delta-8-THC have been linked to several medical emergencies.

 

Long-Term Health Risks / Side Effects

 

Respiratory Health

Smoking cannabis exposes users to many of the same toxins, irritants and carcinogens found in tobacco smoke. Over time, this can damage lung tissue and lead to chronic respiratory issues such as airway inflammation, increased resistance, lung hyperinflation and bronchitis. However, distinguishing the effects of cannabis from tobacco remains challenging, as many users consume both.

Mental Health Considerations

Cannabis use has been linked to certain mental health conditions which include anxiety, depression and psychosis. The relationship varies depending on factors such as dosage, frequency and genetic vulnerability.

Cardiovascular Impact

Cannabis can temporarily raise heart rate and blood pressure. Some studies suggest that long-term use may increase the risk of heart attack, stroke or irregular heartbeat. Further research is needed to determine whether cannabis itself or other factors are responsible.

Digestive System Effects

Heavy or prolonged cannabis use may cause gastrointestinal problems which includes cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS), a condition marked by severe nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain. Other potential issues include acid reflux, pancreatitis and ulcers.

Potential Risk of Cancer

Some studies have associated frequent cannabis smoking with a higher risk of developing cancers of the head, neck or throat. This risk appears to be greater among individuals who smoke cannabis rather than consume it in other forms.

 

Why Side Effects Vary: Key Influencing Factors

Not everyone reacts to cannabis the same way. How your body responds depends on several factors which includes the product’s strength, how it’s consumed and your individual biology. These factors influence both how strong the effects feel and what type of side effects may occur.

1. Dosage and Potency: According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), the THC concentration in cannabis products has increased dramatically over the past few decades. Higher potency means a stronger psychoactive effect which can heighten the risk of side effects such as anxiety, impaired judgment and hallucinations.

2. Method of Ingestion: The method of cannabis consumption greatly affects its impact. Smoking or vaping produces short-lasting effects as THC enters the bloodstream almost instantly. In contrast, edibles, tinctures and oils take longer to digest, causing delayed but longer-lasting effects that can be more intense than expected.

3. Frequency and Duration of Use: The more frequently and heavily cannabis is used, the greater the risk of developing adverse reactions or dependence. Regular exposure can alter the brain’s reward system and increase tolerance, requiring higher doses to achieve the same effects.

4. Individual Factors: Personal characteristics such as age, sex, genetic makeup, mental health and the use of other medications can all shape how cannabis interacts with the body. NIDA notes that younger users and those with a family history of mental illness may be more susceptible to negative psychological effects like paranoia or cognitive decline.

5. Product Ingredients and Contaminants: In unregulated markets, cannabis products may contain harmful substances such as pesticides, mold or residual solvents. Purchasing from licensed dispensaries helps ensure product safety, proper quality testing and accurate labeling of THC and CBD content.

 

Promoting Safe and Responsible Cannabis Use

Cannabis offers potential benefits but its effects vary from person to person. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), understanding these risks or side effects of cannabis consumption helps individuals make informed and responsible choices. Whether used recreationally or for medical purposes, awareness of how cannabis interacts with the body and how to manage potential side effects is essential for safe use.

Staying informed through credible sources and seeking medical guidance when needed promotes safer and more mindful cannabis consumption.